What are some tips for using PhET in a lab setting?
PhET simulations are free, online interactive simulations for teaching and learning science. The simulations emphasize visual models, cause-and-effect relationships, and multiple representations. The simulations are most effective when students can engage with them one-on-one, or in small groups. Such interaction is possible in a lab or recitation, as well as a classroom setting with worksheets, or on homework. This recommendation will discuss the use of PhET in labs. Click here to see all Expert Recommendations on the use of PhET.
Why use PhET in a lab setting?
Using PhET simulations in a lab has many benefits (Wieman et al. 2010):
- New possibilities for experiments. Labs using PhET simulations allow students to engage in explorations that would not be possible or practical with real equipment. For example, in Energy Skate Park, students can change the shape of the track, starting height of the skater, friction, and the acceleration due to gravity.
- Experiments in quantum mechanics. PhET simulations also allow experimentation in the realm of quantum physics, including recreation of classic experiments, such as the photoelectric effect (McKagan et al. 2009), and the Stern-Gerlach experiment. You can see all our simulations on quantum phenomena here.
- Quick repeatability. PhET simulations allow easy, accurate repeatability (e.g., the skater can always be started from the same point), so that the effect of many different parameters can be accurately explored.
- Embedded measurement tools. Many PhET simulations include a variety of measurement tools, such as voltmeters, energy graphs, stopwatches, and rulers, and so lend themselves well to laboratory-style experiments.
- Lack of experimental “noise” effects. Benchtop experiments can often be confusing to students, because of the presence of experimental “noise” (friction, table vibrations, measurement error, etc.). While it is often important that students learn to deal with such noise effects and experimental error, these factors can be confusing and obscure the fundamental relationships. For example, students can have trouble seeing whether a bulb is weakly lit in a real circuit, but this is more easily visible in a simulation (Finkelstein et al. 2005). The “perfect world” of the simulation can often help students master these ideas, before observing them in the messier, real world.
- Underlying mechanisms made visible. PhET simulations are designed to make scientific models visible, so they help students understand not just what is happening, but why. For example, electron flow in a circuit is visible in the Circuit Construction Kit, so students can observe how that flow changes under different conditions, and that current is the same on either side of a resistor.
- Student enjoyment. Students typically enjoy using PhET simulations (Perkins, Moore, and Chasteen 2015) and perceive many added benefits to using simulations in labs (Podolefsky, Perkins, and Adams 2009).
Can PhET replace real equipment?
Sometimes. Our studies have shown that PhET sims are very effective for conceptual understanding (Perkins et al. 2012; Adams et al. 2008; Podolefsky, Perkins, and Adams 2009; Wieman, Adams, and Perkins 2008). In one early study, we found that students using our Circuit Construction Kit were better able to both answer conceptual questions about circuits, and to put together a real circuit (Finkelstein et al. 2005).
However, there are many goals of hands-on labs that simulations do not address, such as specific skills relating to the functioning of equipment, or how to deal with experimental “noise” or error. Depending on the goals of your laboratory, it may be more effective to use the simulation on its’ own, or a combination of sims and real equipment. Indeed, at the University of Colorado we use a combination of the Circuit Construction Kit and real equipment in our labs.
How can I write a lab using PhET?
The principles of writing a PhET-based lab activity are very similar to that for writing an activity for in-class use. Please see our article on activity design for suggestions on writing PhET-based laboratories, including examples of activities that do and do not use real equipment.
For laboratory activities in particular, however, be sure to use simulations which complement your lab experiments, and ask questions to help students relate the two. Note that computers can be used safely within many physics labs (i.e., if no chemicals or water are present). Thus, simulation-based activities can be integrated within equipment-based activities, with students alternating between use of the simulation and use of the equipment. In this use mode, students can examine parallels between the simulation and the experimental results, explore concepts, or view the same phenomenon from two different perspectives (for example, the lab might give macroscopic results, whereas the simulation shows what is happening with the particles or electrons). Here are two examples:
Note that you can also use PhET as a pre-lab assignment, or a follow-up assignment, such as a homework question. Many PhET simulations relate to the conceptual learning goals for lab activities, so the simulations can pair very effectively as a pre- or post-lab assignment.
How can I facilitate a lab using PhET?
Again, our recommendations for facilitating labs using PhET are similar to our suggestions for facilitating in-class use of simulation activities. See our guidelines for activity facilitation for suggestions.
If you are using Teaching Assistants for activity facilitation (e.g., in a lab or recitation), make sure to share those facilitation tips with them. It is best if you can plan a practice session, where all teaching assistants go through the activity as if they were students.
References
- W. Adams, S. Reid, R. LeMaster, S. McKagan, K. Perkins, M. Dubson, and C. Wieman, A Study of Educational Simulations Part I - Engagement and Learning, J. Interact. Learn. Res 19 (3), 397 (2008).
- N. Finkelstein, W. Adams, C. Keller, P. Kohl, K. Perkins, N. Podolefsky, S. Reid, and R. LeMaster, When learning about the real world is better done virtually: A study of substituting computer simulations for laboratory equipment, Phys. Rev. ST Phys. Educ. Res. 1 (1), (2005).
- S. McKagan, W. Handley, K. Perkins, and C. Wieman, A Research-based Curriculum for Teaching the Photoelectric Effect, Am. J. Phys. 77 (1), 87 (2009).
- K. Perkins, E. Moore, and S. Chasteen, Examining the Use of PhET Interactive Simulations in US College and High School Classrooms, presented at the Physics Education Research Conference 2014, Minneapolis, MN, 2014.
- K. Perkins, N. Podolefsky, K. Lancaster, and E. Moore, Creating Effective Interactive Tools for Learning: Insights from the PhET Interactive Simulations Project, presented at the EdMedia + Innovate Learning, Denver, Colorado, 2012.
- N. Podolefsky, K. Perkins, and W. Adams, Computer simulations to classrooms: Tools for change, presented at the Physics Education Research Conference 2009, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2009.
- C. Wieman, W. Adams, T. Loeblein, and K. Perkins, Teaching Physics Using PhET Simulations, Phys. Teach. 48 (4), 225 (2010).
- C. Wieman, W. Adams, and K. Perkins, PhET: Simulations That Enhance Learning, Science 322 (5902), 682 (2008).