Teaching Methods and Materials

Tell us about your course to find methods relevant to you.


Student Skills DevelopedDifferent methods are designed to achieve different goals in the classroom. Select the student skills that you think are most important for your students to develop in order to find the teaching methods most closely aligned with your goals. Any
Instructor Effort RequiredA rough estimate of the time, skill, and creativity required of the instructor in order to implement this method effectively. Any
Research Validation

The level of research validation for a teaching method is determined by how many of the following categories of research have been done on the method:

Categories of research validation:

Based on Research Into:

  • theories of how students learn
  • student ideas about specific topics
Demonstrated to Improve:
  • conceptual understanding
  • problem-solving skills
  • lab skills
  • beliefs and attitudes
  • attendance
  • retention of students
  • success of underrepresented groups
  • performance in subsequent classes
Studied using:
  • cycle of research and redevelopment
  • student interviews
  • classroom observations
  • analysis of written work
  • research at multiple institutions
  • research by multiple groups
  • peer-reviewed publication

Research Validation Levels:

  • Gold Star: both "based on" categories, at least 4 "demonstrated to improve" categories, at least 5 "studied using" categories
  • Silver: at least 1 "based on" categories, at least 2 "demonstrated to improve" categories, at least 4 "studied using" categories
  • Bronze: 3 at least 1 "based on" categories, at least 1 "demonstrated to improve" category, at least 1 "studied using" category
  • Research-Based: at least 1 validation category

Resources Needed

39 Research-Based Methods

High School
Detailed ViewCompact View
Bronze Validated Free for students

Activity-based curriculum for high school physics. Helps students to explore, hone, and link concepts, and to develop analysis and reasoning skills.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +2
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students) +2
Developers: William J. Gerace, Jose P. Mestre, Robert J. Dufresne, and William J. Leonard
Bronze Validated

Students use electronic devices to answer questions and instructors collect and display responses, facilitating student engagement and collaboration.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +7
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students) +3
Developers: N/A
Bronze Validated

Laboratory activities that use microcomputer-based laboratory tools to develop both conceptual understanding and quantitative laboratory skills.

Subject
Mechanics  Thermal / Statistical
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based
Setting
Lab  Studio
Developers: Ron Thornton and David Sokoloff
Silver Validated Free for students

Instruction organized around active student construction of conceptual and mathematical models in an interactive learning community.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +5
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Small (<30 students)  Recitation/Discussion Session  Studio
Developers: David Hestenes and Malcolm Wells
Gold Star Validated Implementation Guide available

Comprehensive learning system for introductory physics that engages students in experiences that mirror experiences of practicing scientists.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +2
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students) +3
Developers: Eugenia, Etkina, David Brookes, Gorazd Planinsic, and Alan Van Heuvelen
Bronze Validated Free for students

A physics/physical science curriculum that builds on intrinsic mathematical reasoning to develop and strengthen mathematics and physics concepts.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Small (<30 students)  Recitation/Discussion Session +2
Developers: Eugenia Etkina, Suzanne Brahmia, Chis D'Amato, James Finley, Jim Flakker, Danielle Bugge, Richard Therkorn
Research-Based Free for students

A pedagogy using clickers for interactive, student-centered science instruction that engages students in extended whole-class discussion.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +6
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students) +3
Developers: Ian D. Beatty & William J. Gerace
Bronze Validated Free for students

A high school physics curriculum and professional development program that uses a learning cycle pedagogy, inexpensive materials, and technology.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +3
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students) +3
Developers: Lawrence Escalada, Roy Unruh, Timothy Cooney, and master high school physics teachers
Bronze Validated Free for students

Online activities with videos of instructors who guide students through a problem-solving process with a series of questions to interact and engage.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +2
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Recitation/Discussion Session +2
Developers: Kathy Koenig, Bob Teese, Alex Maries, and colleagues
Bronze Validated Free for students

A collection of interactive simulations for learning and teaching quantum mechanics concepts from advanced high school to advanced undergraduate.

Subject
Modern / Quantum
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students) +4
Developers: Antje Kohnle and the PER team at the University of St. Andrews
Silver Validated Free for students

Tools to elicit students' initial ideas, lessons to engage those ideas, assessment items, and reporting structures for students and teachers.

Subject
Mechanics  Waves / Optics +2
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students) +4
Developers: FACET Innovations
Bronze Validated Free for students

Guided-inquiry, introductory mechanics labs designed to promote students' mental construction of concepts.

Subject
Mechanics
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Small (<30 students)  Lab  Studio
Developers: Richard Hake
Bronze Validated Free for students

A suite of computer simulations for teaching physics and physical science through exploring phenomena and conducting simulated experiments.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +2
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students) +4
Developers: Fred Goldberg and many others
Silver Validated Free for students

Open-ended game-like simulations that include expert visual models, enabling scientist-like exploration and real-world connections.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +6
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students) +4
Developers: PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado - Boulder
Silver Validated Implementation Guide available Free for students

Small group discussion of conceptual questions interspersed with lectures, increasing engagement and providing formative feedback on student thinking.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +7
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students) +2
Developers: Eric Mazur, Catherine H. Crouch, and colleagues
Research-Based

Exercises in which students rank variations of a physical situation on the basis of a specified physical quantity and explain their reasoning.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +3
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students) +3
Developers: Thomas O'Kuma, David P. Maloney, Curtis Hieggelke
Bronze Validated

Worksheets for use in lecture. Students predict results of demos, discuss in small groups, observe results, compare with predictions and explain.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +2
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students)  Studio
Developers: David Sokoloff and Ron Thornton
Bronze Validated Free for students

Students work in groups using structured problem-solving strategy to solve complex, context-rich problems too difficult to solve individually.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +6
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Small (<30 students)  Recitation/Discussion Session  Studio
Developers: University of Minnesota Physics Education Research Group
Bronze Validated Free for students

Small, flexible, educational physics applets that use simple graphics to convey only salient features of physical phenomena; modifiable and adaptable.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +5
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students) +4
Developers: Wolfgang Christian
Bronze Validated Free for students

Students answer questions online before class, promoting preparation for class and encouraging them to come to class with a "need to know."

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +7
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students) +2
Developers: G. Novak, A. Gavrin, E. Patterson, W. Christian
Bronze Validated Free for students

Students work in small groups on short, realistic scenarios, giving them a plausible motivation to solve problems.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +2
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Small (<30 students)  Recitation/Discussion Session  Studio
Developers: University of Minnesota Physics Education Research Group
Research-Based Free for students

Open source code libraries, tools, and compiled simulations. Collection includes curriculum resources for physics, computation, and computer modeling.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +5
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students) +4
Developers: Wolfgang Christian, Douglas Brown, Fransisco Esquembre
Bronze Validated Free for students

Guided-inquiry worksheets for use in small groups, typically in a recitation section. Instructors engage students in Socratic dialogue.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +5
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Small (<30 students)  Recitation/Discussion Session  Studio
Developers: many people
Gold Star Validated

Guided-inquiry worksheets for small groups in recitation section of intro calculus-based physics. Instructors engage groups in Socratic dialogue.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +3
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students) +3
Developers: Lillian C. McDermott, Peter S. Shaffer and the Physics Education Group at UW
Bronze Validated

A series of introductory laboratory modules that use computer data acquisition tools to help students develop physics concepts and acquire lab skills.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +2
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based
Setting
Lab  Homework  Studio
Developers: David Sokoloff, Ron Thornton, and Priscilla Laws
Bronze Validated

A calculus-based introductory physics curriculum designed to completely replace traditional lectures and laboratories with sequenced activities.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +3
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based
Setting
Lecture - Small (<30 students)  Lab  Studio
Developers: Priscilla Laws with contributions from Robert Boyle, Patrick Cooney, Kenneth Laws, John Luetzelschwab, David Sokoloff and Ronald Thornton
Research-Based

Short activities that help students apply concepts and address known difficulties; designed so that they cannot be solved using plug and chug.

Subject
Electricity / Magnetism
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students) +3
Developers: Curtis Hieggelke, David Maloney, Stephen Kanim, Thomas O'Kuma
Bronze Validated

Guided-inquiry worksheets for small groups in recitation section of intro calculus-based physics. Instructors engage groups in Socratic dialogue.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +2
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based
Setting
Lecture - Small (<30 students)  Recitation/Discussion Session  Studio
Developers: Michael C. Wittmann, Richard N. Steinberg, Edward F. Redish, and the Physics Education Research Group at the University of Maryland
Silver Validated Implementation Guide available Free for students

An integrated learning environment where the space is designed to facilitate interactions between small groups working on short, interesting tasks.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +6
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Studio
Developers: Robert Beichner
Silver Validated Free for students

Guided-inquiry worksheets for small groups in recitation section of intro algebra-based physics. Instructors engage groups in Socratic dialogue.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +2
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students) +4
Developers: Rachel E. Scherr and Andrew Elby
Gold Star Validated

A guided-inquiry conceptual physics course designed to help students develop a deep conceptual understanding of big ideas in physics.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism  Waves / Optics
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Small (<30 students)  Lab  Studio
Developers: Fred Goldberg, Valerie Otero and Steve Robinson
Bronze Validated Free for students

Engage students in lecture classes by asking cognitively engaging multiple-choice questions to challenge their thinking and foster deep discussion.

Subject
Astronomy
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students)  Studio
Developers: Center for Astronomy Education
Research-Based Free for students

Questions for homework, clickers, and exams that help students connect mathematical and conceptual reasoning and relate physics to the real world.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +3
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students) +4
Developers: E. F. Redish and the University of Maryland Physics Education Research Group
Bronze Validated Free for students

Sequences of multiple-choice questions that emphasize qualitative reasoning and multiple representations. For interactive discussion in lecture.

Subject
Electricity / Magnetism  Waves / Optics  Modern / Quantum
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students) +2
Developers: David E. Meltzer and Kandiah Manivannan
Silver Validated Free for students

Resources for teaching introductory quantum mechanics and modern physics with an emphasis on concepts and applications.

Subject
Modern / Quantum
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students) +3
Developers: Michael Wittman, Richard Steinberg, and Edward Redish
Silver Validated Free for students

Curriculum for large-lecture modern physics class for engineering majors. Focus on reasoning development, model building, and real-world applications.

Subject
Modern / Quantum
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Large (30+ students)  Lecture - Small (<30 students) +4
Developers: Carl Wieman, Kathy Perkins, and Sam McKagan at the University of Colorado Boulder
Bronze Validated Free for students

A practice of attending and responding to the substance of students' thinking. The instructor's next moves are based on students' emerging ideas.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +7
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Small (<30 students)  Recitation/Discussion Session +2
Developers: Fred Goldberg, Sharon Bendall, Mike McKean, and Jennifer Radoff
Bronze Validated Free for students

Design labs in which students work in groups to design an experiment, carry it out, analyze it, and present their results to other groups.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism  Waves / Optics
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Calculus-based Intro College Algebra-based Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lab
Developers: Rebecca Lippmann Kung, Paul Gresser, and Joe Redish
Bronze Validated Free for students

A curriculum for pre-service teachers. Students craft and investigate their own scientific questions about a range of scientific topics.

Subject
Mechanics  Electricity / Magnetism +4
Level
 
MSHSICIMULGS   O
 Intro College Conceptual
Setting
Lecture - Small (<30 students)  Lab  Studio
Developers: Leslie Atkins